Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD) Exam 1 Practice Test

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• What is the value of no correlation?
• Which term describes distortion caused by a third factor associated with both exposure and outcome?
• What is at the bottom of the pyramid for weakest —> strongest evidence when dealing with studies?
• Intention-to-treat analysis entails what?
• In Case-Control Studies, which statement about odds ratio is true?
• Which type of study typically lacks a comparison group and is considered descriptive?
• Precision is ______. Accuracy is ______.
• A distribution with a longer tail to the right is described as which of the following?
• Which type of clinical question asks how to identify a disorder in a patient with specific symptoms?
• Which scenario best illustrates a spurious association due to random variation?
• A distribution with a longer tail to the left is described as which of the following?
• Incidence is defined as the probability of what?
• Which PICO component corresponds to the measurable effect such as symptom relief or test results?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of Evidence-Based Dentistry?
• What is the value of a perfect positive correlation?
• AGREE stands for?
• Which category includes Controlled Trial and Randomized Controlled Trial?
• Which description best defines a Practice Based Research Network?
• In evidence-based dentistry, a foreground clinical question is best described as:
• Which statement defines absolute risk?
• What is the median?
• External validity
• Usually sensitivity and specificity are ____________ factors, meaning...
• Diagnostic tests emphasize ______ to confirm disease or rule it out.
• Which statement best describes the meaning of the number needed to treat (NNT)?
• Which design is best for studying multiple effects of a single exposure?
• Who's perspective: meta-analyses?
• Relative risk is used mostly for which study design?
• Would a smaller standard deviation make the graph closer together or farther apart?
• The concept of effectiveness asks whether a treatment works under real-world conditions. Which description best matches the populations included in effectiveness studies?
• Which gap exists when evidence is known but not used due to practitioner preference and cost considerations?
• The relative risk is most appropriately used in studies that follow participants over time, such as:
• Odds ratio is used mostly for which study design?
• Precision refers to which attribute of measurement?
• What type of plot is used for quantitative variables?
• In comparing two groups, probability is defined as which of the following?
• Which measure compares exposure odds in cases versus controls?
• How are participants typically observed in a cohort study?
• The first, or lowest, arm on a box plot refers to which value?
• A risk ratio less than 1 indicates which effect?
• Do systematic reviews have a methods section?
• The median on a box plot is represented by which feature?
• Which type of data are exercise hours per week, bone levels (mm bone loss), and guest satisfaction on a 100-point scale?
• In the Evidence pyramid, which study design sits above case reports and below case-control studies?
• Order of CONSORT flow diagram
• Which type systematically collects and grades the evidence as well as combines data?
• What are the two basic study designs in Evidence-Based Dentistry?
• Which statement about confidence intervals is true?
• Which expression represents the risk ratio formula?
• Who's perspective: unsystematic review?
• Which statement about standard deviation is true?
• The odds ratio is used for
• In study design, 'sample size' refers to
• Cohort studies go in what direction?
• What type of study often leads to worthy questions?
• Systematic review is
• Intra-examiner reliability is demonstrated when the same examiner obtains the same measurement score at multiple time points on the same patient.
• Analytic study designs include which of the following?
• A test with perfect specificity would have no false positives.
• Specificity is the true _________ rate.
• What is a characteristic of practice-based research?
• Which coefficient measures tendency to move together?
• Which statement best describes a foreground question?
• What is the remedy to the knowing gap?
• Characteristic of lab research
• Study contexts exist along a _______________.
• What does an NNT of 1.5 imply about the treatment effect?
• Which trial design involves random allocation of participants to intervention groups?
• What does a hazard ratio measure?
• In PICO, what does 'C' stand for?
• Which measure directly reflects the ability to detect every diseased individual?
• Which type of research focuses on how best to get evidence into clinicians' hands?
• CONSORT criteria is
• For a fair coin, what are the odds of heads and the risk (probability) of heads?
• The height of the box in a box plot represents the interquartile range, which spans from which percentiles?
• Not a context in randomized controlled trials?
• Which factors influence the quality of a study?
• Which study design has the greatest inferential power when performed properly?
• If the duration of a disease increases while incidence remains constant, what happens to prevalence?
• Accuracy refers to
• Which analysis includes all randomized participants regardless of protocol adherence?
• Precision being reliable means that the results are
• A risk ratio of 1 indicates which of the following?
• Which statement describes case-control studies?
• What is the lowest level of inferential power?
• Characteristic of clinical trials in academic settings
• Which statement correctly compares odds ratio and absolute risk?
• Odds ratios tend to overestimate the risk under which condition?
• Box plots are used for what variables?
• For case-control studies, which contexts are possible?
• If a confidence interval for a risk ratio does not include 1, the result is
• Sensitivity refers to the test's ability to detect disease in which individuals?
• Cross-sectional studies measure exposure and outcome for which unit?
• Which is not part of the 5 A's of Evidence-Based Practice?
• What often follows a case report or case series?
• Which statement best describes a hallmark of effectiveness studies regarding constraints?
• A census includes which of the following?
• In survey/questionnaire research, what reliability is used instead of intra-examiner reliability, and how does it work?
• The box in a box plot represents which range?
• Below the median line in a box plot contains what percent of the data?
• Where are intention-to-treat analyses and per-protocol analyses found?
• Secondary or pre-appraised evidence
• Who's perspective: systematic reviews?
• When does a knowing gap exist in evidence-based practice?
• Do systematic reviews have evidence summaries?
• Do meta-analyses have evidence summaries?
• Which is a disadvantage of cohort studies?
• Which PICO component is defined as the standard against which the intervention is compared?
• Descriptive studies include which of the following?
• Which statement best describes lab research?
• Which item is part of the CONSORT 25-item checklist and flow diagram?
• Practice based research occurs when treatment is...
• The knowledge gap exists when...
• If two variables increase together, what type of correlation exists?
• Which type includes a methods section detailing how evidence was comprehensively searched and quality was assessed?
• Prevalence describes which of the following?
• External validity is primarily concerned with?
• Which is NOT listed as part of the 17 year odyssey?
• Caveat to randomized controlled trials.
• Which statement best describes the gap between evidence and practice?
• High sensitivity implies a low rate of false negatives.
• Which acronym represents the five steps of Evidence-Based Practice: Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess?
• Which step is described as part of the enrollment process after identifying a population of interest?
• A bell-shaped, symmetric distribution is called which of the following?
• The mean is best described as the balancing point of the data.
• Which is NOT one of the three gaps of the evidence practice gap?
• In a double-blind study, who is masked?
• Which statement best describes the factors that influence the quality of a study?
• Cross-sectional studies go in what direction?
• In PICO, which component represents the population or patient group?
• Which of the following is a background question?
• Which of the following is a common limitation of case-control studies?
• Which study context is appropriate for animal and laboratory studies?
• For case reports or case studies, which contexts are possible?
• A hazard ratio of 1 indicates what?
• Which description best fits a foreground clinical question?
• Apply and assess
• Nominal data include data consisting of names, labels, or categories. Which are examples?
• Which represents the strongest overall evidence in the hierarchy?
• Cross-sectional studies time reference can go which way?
• Which setting is used when treatment is not ready for practices?
• In a PICO framework, which element describes the patient or problem?
• What is the evidence practice gap?
• In an experimental study, what is true?
• Sensitivity is the true ______ rate.
• Which term describes the situation where evidence exists but clinicians do not know about it widely?
• Which study is commonly used to generate initial questions about predictive signs or symptoms?
• How are exposure and outcome determined in a cross-sectional study?
• A risk ratio greater than 1 indicates which effect?
• Inter-examiner reliability measures which of the following?
• Which practice most directly improves external validity?
• Which of the following is a component of EBD?
• Which statement best describes a cohort study?
• Birth order is an example of which data type?
• Which measure describes dispersion?
• Usually sensitivity and specificity are ____________ factors, meaning...
• Which statistic is denoted by rs?
• An NNT of 2 corresponds to which level of effectiveness?
• The relative risk is used for
• To make inferences from a sample, researchers rely on which concept?
• Which is stronger than case-control studies in the hierarchy described?
• Accuracy being valid means that your research is
• Which data type has two categories?
• What is the mean?
• Which is an advantage of case-control studies?
• Which description best defines a confidence interval?
• A hazard ratio of 0.87 indicates approximately what percent improvement?
• In clinical practice guidelines, which study context is possible?
• Which statement best describes the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?
• Screening tests emphasize ______ to catch as many cases as possible.
• Which option best describes the risk ratio?
• High sensitivity means...
• In PICO(T), what does the C stand for?
• AGREE standard stands for?
• Which standard is principally used to evaluate the quality of guidelines rather than individual studies?
• Why does a knowing-to-doing gap exist?
• Who's perspective: clinical practice guidelines?
• Absolute risk refers to the actual probability of an outcome occurring regardless of other factors.
• In Evidence-Based Practice, which step involves evaluating the validity and applicability of study findings?
• Which best describes an observational study?
• The CONSORT criteria were described as what in the material?
• Which is a disadvantage of case-control studies?
• Bupivacaine is an example of which type of drug?
• Are interventions assigned in observational studies?
• Which measure expresses the ratio of the risk in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group?
• Which data are an example of quantitative data?
• Which describes a typical foreground clinical question?
• If you want to correctly identify all patients with the disease, you would want high ______.
• If one variable increases while the other decreases, what type of correlation exists?
• Which study design is particularly well-suited for studying rare diseases?
• Examiners are ______ before the study to use the same measurement criteria in the same way.
• What type of study assigns interventions?
• Do unsystematic reviews have evidence summaries?
• Internal validity
• Efficacy refers to whether a treatment works under what conditions?
• What is the value of a perfect negative correlation?
• Which statement best describes cross-sectional studies?
• The upper edge of the box on a box plot corresponds to which percentile?
• Which concept indicates the exposure-outcome link is spurious due to random variation?
• Calibration of examiners is used to ensure what?
• In a randomized controlled trial, when are participants allocated to groups relative to measuring outcomes?
• Is there a comparison group in descriptive studies or analytic studies?
• Which statement describes the bottom of the evidence pyramid?
• Correlation is best described as
• Which statement correctly defines risk?
• Qualitative data example.
• Which statement best defines a Practice Based Research Network?
• Attrition bias results from?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between sensitivity and specificity?
• GRADE stands for which of the following expansions?
• What is a primary purpose of descriptive studies?
• Which study design provides the most reliable estimate of incidence in a population?
• Which term describes the process of synthesizing results from multiple studies?
• What type of controlled trial is randomized?
• What is a sample?
• Do meta-analyses have a methods section?
• Which statement best describes what the AGREE standard does?
• A study reports a relative risk of 2.0 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.2 to 3.3. This result is
• What are the types of categorical data?
• What type of cases do descriptive studies involve?
• Surrogate outcomes are
• In controlled trials, investigators enroll patients and ______ which patients will receive treatment.
• Range of a data set is defined as:
• Which coefficient measures linear dependency between two variables?
• Inter-examiner reliability evaluates how well (repeatably) all examiners get the same measurement scores.
• What is the primary purpose of the GRADE standard?
• Which statement about the EBD components in their stated order is correct?
• In PICO(T), what does I represent?
• How are study subjects enrolled in a study?
• A randomized controlled trial is characterized by what allocation feature?
• Which statement describes a hallmark advantage of cohort studies?
• Quantitative data are...
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a randomized controlled trial from non-randomized trials?
• What is the most important question to ask during apply and assess?
• Relative risk compares risk of an outcome in which groups?
• Which setting is used when treatment is not ready for patients?
• In a controlled trial or clinical study, how are participants typically allocated to groups?
• How can you improve power in studies?
• In ecological studies, when are exposure and outcome measured?
• Which statement best describes a non-randomized controlled trial?
• Which option is NOT a core element of Evidence-Based Dentistry?
• Which statement about cohort studies is true?
• Which design has the best chance of minimizing bias?
• In case-control studies, which statistic is commonly used?
• Which context is associated with lab research in the realm of study contexts?
• Which statistic is typically used to measure monotonic associations when data are not normally distributed?
• To make inferences from a sample, researchers rely on which?
• In cohort studies, which outcome is most commonly measured?
• NNT definition: proportion of patients with at least 50% pain relief over 6 hours compared to placebo
• Which of the following is a key function of the GRADE standard?
• O stands for in PICO questions?
• What are the two main types of observational study designs?
• What is the typical ibuprofen regimen described?
• In observational research, timing of data collection in cross-sectional designs is typically
• Which type systematically collects and grades the evidence?
• Which statement best describes a prospective cohort study rather than a retrospective cohort study?
• A good study measures exposures and outcomes how?
• When is efficacy evaluated?
• Which of the following is an example of a foreground question?
• Incidence is defined as which of the following?
• Standard deviation describes what?
• CONSORT stands for
• Examiners are ______ to make sure they agree on the actual measurement scores.
• Which statement best describes a characteristic of community-based research?
• Which statement best differentiates relative risk and absolute risk?
• Which design is especially suitable for studying multiple etiologic/risk factors?
• Which document integrates evidence and expert opinion when the available evidence is not optimal?
• Which statement best summarizes the difference between lab research and clinical trials in academic settings?
• Which is an example of quantitative data?
• Types of data.
• In a normal distribution, which measures of central tendency are equal?
• What is located on the pyramid right above case studies and case reports?
• Per-protocol analysis includes which participants?
• Do clinical practice guidelines have evidence summaries?
• In what study are you able to control all variables?
• Odds ratio is used in which study design?
• When do cross-sectional studies measure exposure and outcome?
• In what setting is efficacy typically evaluated?
• Which statement correctly describes quantitative data?
• Which statement best describes community-based research?
• What does the 'I' in PICO stand for?
• In a meta-analysis systematic review, which study context is possible?
• Are controlled trials random?
• Which statement about bias in study designs is true?
• What is the remedy to the knowledge gap?
• Which type of question asks about negative impact as a result of exposure?
• Which option describes guidelines developed based on evidence?
• Case-control studies go in what direction?
• Cross-sectional study is defined as
• In a four-card hand containing three diamonds and one club, what are the risk and the odds of selecting the club card?
• What does efficacy entail?
• Which study design is more prone to bias?
• Which statement reflects the components of Evidence-Based Dentistry?
• Outliers in a box plot are best described as?
• Specificity is the ability of a test to identify people WITHOUT the disease.
• Which measure is best described as the odds ratio?
• Ordinal data is a type of data that refers solely to ranking. Which of the following are examples?
• A relative risk of 2.0 indicates the exposed group has what level of risk relative to the unexposed?
• Which statement best defines an odds ratio?
• What is the remedy to the knowing-to-doing gap?
• Which design can be used to compute incidence rates in the exposed and unexposed groups?
• The last (highest) arm on a box plot refers to which value?
• Which of the following is an ordinal data example?
• A scatter plot showing an increasing trend indicates what kind of correlation?
• What can be controlled in lab research?
• Which element of PICO is the outcome?
• In a box plot, outliers are typically indicated by data points beyond the whiskers.
• Community based research occurs when treatment is...
• Which acronym expansion is correct for GRADE?
• Are grades and studying positively correlated?
• What is a key concern of attrition bias in longitudinal studies?
• What term describes distortion caused by a third factor that is also a risk factor for the outcome?
• A Pearson correlation coefficient near zero indicates what about the linear relationship?
• Which option correctly defines the 'Comparison' element in PICO?
• What type of plot is used for categorical variables?
• Which plot is used for displaying distribution of quantitative data such as guest satisfaction scores?
• What is a defining aim of practice-based research?
• Screening tests prioritize high ______ to catch as many cases as possible.
• Which set lists the three components of Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD)?
• Hierarchy pyramid for weakest to strongest evidence: Which is just above expert opinion?
• Binary data is defined by two categories. Which are examples?
• Which type of study is specifically designed to test interventions and is considered experimental?
• Do clinical practice guidelines have a methods section?
• Do unsystematic reviews have a methods section?
• Which of the following is a valid example of a PICO foreground question?
• Which pairing correctly defines precision and accuracy?
• Which relative risk value is considered clinically important?
• What is better for skewed data - mean or median?
• What do ecological studies do?
• What is the correct full form of the GRADE acronym?
• When the outcome is rare, which statement about odds ratio is true?
• Approximately 95% of the data lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
• What best describes the relationship between GRADE and AGREE?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of AGREE?
• Pearson's coefficient r range is between -1 and +1.
• If a person does not have the disease, how often will the test be negative?
• Which statistic is especially affected by outliers?
• Which type of document integrates evidence for the purpose of approaching a clinical problem?
• What is the term for questions about progression of a disease or likelihood of occurrence?
• The ideal test is ______% specific and ______% sensitive.
• A hazard ratio of 0.92 indicates approximately what percent reduction in hazard?
• What is the primary characteristic of a randomized controlled trial?
• Which statement best describes ecological studies?
• Highest level of individual studies in terms of strength of evidence?
• Clinical trials in academic settings occur when treatment is...
• Lab research is performed when
• An NNT of 1.5 is described as which level of effectiveness?
• What term describes systematic error that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and outcome?
• Bar charts are used for what variables?
• Which study type is most suitable for testing hypotheses under controlled conditions?
• Which of the following are examples of ordinal data?
• Which study context is most associated with testing efficacy under ideal conditions?
• Approximately 68% of the data lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
• NNT of 1 equals perfect.
• Which expression represents the odds ratio formula?
• Which design is not considered an analytic observational study?
• Not a cohort study context?
• Case-control studies are particularly appropriate for studying
• Approximately what percentage of data lie within three standard deviations of the mean?
• The lower edge of the box on a box plot corresponds to which percentile?